Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., Volume 20, Number 5, May, 1999 942-952

Cooperativity between Oxidants and Tumor Necrosis Factor in the Activation of Nuclear Factor (NF)-B
Requirement of Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in the Activation of NF-B by Oxidants

Yvonne M. W. Janssen-Heininger, Ian Macara, and Brooke T. Mossman

Department of Pathology, University of Vermont Medical Alumni Building, Burlington, Vermont; and The Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia

The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-B is activated by oxidative stress or cytokines and is critical to the activation of inflammatory genes. Here, we report that hydrogen peroxide or 3-morpholinosydnonimine, which simultaneously releases nitric oxide and superoxide, synergize with the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- to activate NF-B in rat lung epithelial cells, suggesting that signaling pathways elicited by reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are different from TNF-induced signaling. These findings were substantiated by observations that levels of IB- did not change after exposure to ROS/RNS, whereas a rapid depletion of IB- was observed in cells exposed to TNF. In addition, the proteosome inhibitor MG132 did not affect activation of NF-B by ROS/RNS, whereas it abolished the TNF response. Transfection of a dominant negative Ras construct prevented the activation of NF-B by ROS/RNS, demonstrating the requirement for Ras in the activation of NF-B by oxidants. In contrast, TNF activated NF-B in a Ras-independent fashion. Evaluation of members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family as downstream effectors of Ras revealed the requirement of MAPK/ extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase kinase (MEKK)1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases in the induction of NF-B by both oxidants and TNF, whereas the MEK-ERK pathway negatively regulates NF-B. Our findings demonstrate that cytokines and oxidants cooperate in the activation of transcription factors through distinct pathways, and suggest that anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies may be required in concert to prevent the activation of NF-B-regulated genes important in the development of inflammatory diseases.

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