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Published ahead of print on January 10, 2003, doi:10.1165/rcmb.2002-0206OC

Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., Volume 29, Number 1, July 2003, 39-47

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Submitted on October 14, 2002
Revised on January 8, 2003

The RhoA/Rho kinase Pathway Regulates Nuclear Localization of Serum Response Factor

Hong Wei Liu1, Andrew J Halayko1, Darren J Fernandes2, Gregory S Harmon2, Joel A McCauley2, Pawel Kocieniewski2, John McConville2, Yiping Fu2, Sean M Forsythe3, Paul Kogut2, Shashi Bellam2, Maria Dowell2, Jason Churchill2, Julian Solway2*, and 5 remaining authors4

1 Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2 Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, 3 Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA, 4 Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jsolway{at}medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu.

RhoA and its downstream target Rho kinase regulate SRF-dependent skeletal and smooth muscle gene expression. We recently reported that long-term serum deprivation reduces transcription of smooth muscle contractile apparatus encoding genes, by redistributing SRF out of the nucleus. Since serum components stimulate RhoA activity, these observations suggest the hypothesis that the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway regulates SRF-dependent smooth muscle gene transcription in part by controlling SRF subcellular localization. Our present results support this hypothesis: Cotransfection of cultured airway myocytes with a plasmid expressing constitutively active RhoAV14 selectively enhanced transcription from the SM22 and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoters and from a purely SRF-dependent promoter, but had no effect on transcription from the MSV-LTR promoter or from an AP2-dependent promoter. Conversely, inhibition of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway by cotransfection with a plasmid expressing dominant negative RhoAN19, by cotransfection with a plasmid expressing Clostridial C3 toxin, or by incubation with the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, all selectively reduced SRF-dependent smooth muscle promoter activity. Furthermore, treatment with Y-27632 selectively reduced binding of SRF from nuclear extracts to its consensus DNA target, selectively reduced nuclear SRF protein content, and partially redistributed SRF from nucleus to cytoplasm, as revealed by quantitative immunocytochemistry. Treatment of cultured airway myocytes with latrunculin B, which reduces actin polymerization, also caused partial redistribution of SRF into the cytoplasm. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway controls smooth muscle gene transcription in differentiated smooth muscle cells in part by regulating the subcellular localization of SRF. It is conceivable that the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway influences SRF localization through its effect on actin polymerization dynamics.




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