Inhalation of crystalline silica may lead to acute or chronic silicosis. Although chronic silicosis is associated with increased incidence/exacerbation of autoimmune disorders, the immunological effects of chronic silicosis are not completely understood. In an animal model of chronic silicosis, Lewis rats were exposed to filtered air or silica (1.75 µm average particle size) at an exposure concentration of 6.2 mg/m³, 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 6 wk, and observed up to 27 wk after the exposure. Based on silica burden, lung histopathology, and immunological changes, two distinct stages were identified in the development of chronic silicosis. Stage 1 (4-28 d after exposure) was characterized by silica deposition in various tissues and augmented antibody and cellular immunity. Although bronchoalveolar lavage contained an increased number of activated macrophages, protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels were comparable to controls. In Stage 2 (10 wk), silica was localized in epithelioid macrophages, and T cell immunity had returned to normal, but the lavage fluids contained increased protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Moreover, lungs from silica-treated animals contained neutrophils and lymphocytes, and exhibited granulomatous changes around the silica-containing epithelioid macrophages. Thus, in the early stages of silicosis, silica activates the immune system; however, the progression of lung granulomas does not depend on a continually activated adaptive immune system.