Activation of eosinophils by microbe-derived molecules via toll-like receptors (TLR) potentially provides the link between microbe-induced innate immune responses and the exacerbation of allergic inflammation. We investigated the expression of TLRs and the effect of their ligands on human eosinophils. Expression of TLR1-9 was detected by Western blot and flow cytometry. Adhesion molecules, cytokines, superoxides and eosinophlilic cationic protein (ECP) were assessed by flow cytometry, ELISA, chemiluminescent method and fluorescence immunoassay, respectively. Human eosinophils differentially expressed TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9. Peptidoglycan (PGN) (TLR2 ligand), flagellin (TLR5 ligand) and Imiquimod R837 (TLR7 ligand) could significantly upregulate cell surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and CD18, and induce the release of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, growth-related oncogene (GRO)- and superoxides of eosinophils. Only PGN could induce the degranulation for ECP release. However, ds poly I-C (TLR3 ligand), LPS (TLR4 ligand), ssRNA (TLR8 ligand) and CpG-DNA (TLR9 ligand) were much less effective or inactive. PGN, flagellin and R837 could activate both nuclear factor (NF)-B and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). PGN could activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, and R837 both PI3K-Akt and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). The induction of the release of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, GRO-, superoxides and ECP by PGN, flagellin and R837 was found to be differentially regulated by NF-B, ERK, PI3K-Akt and p38 MAPK. The above results therefore support that microbial infection may lead to the exacerbation of allergic inflammation.