Published ahead of print on March 6, 2008, doi:10.1165/rcmb.2008-0091TR Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., Volume 39, Number 2, August 2008, 127-132 A more recent version of this article appeared on August 1, 2008
Submitted on February 29, 2008 Cyclic AMP: Master Regulator of Innate Immune Cell FunctionCarlos H Serezani1,1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: petersm{at}umich.edu.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was the original "second messenger" to be discovered. Its formation is promoted by adenylyl cyclase activation following ligation of G protein-coupled receptors by ligands including hormones, autocoids, prostaglandins, and pharmacologic agents. Increases in intracellular cAMP generally suppress innate immune functions including inflammatory mediator generation and the phagocytosis and killing of microbes. The importance of the host cAMP axis in regulating antimicrobial defense is underscored by the fact that microbes have evolved virulence-enhancing strategies that exploit it. Many clinical situations that predispose to infection are associated with increases in cAMP, and therapeutic strategies to interrupt cAMP generation or actions have immunostimulatory potential. This article reviews the anatomy of the cAMP axis, the mechanisms by which it controls phagocyte immune function, microbial strategies to dysregulate it, and its clinical relevance.
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